PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
The purpose of PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS is to give credit to others whose information you are using and to tell your readers where to find that information for further study. You must acknowledge the source of all quotations and of paraphrases and summaries when the paraphrases and summaries are more than general knowledge, such as a theory, an opinion, a statistic, etc. The reader must be able to locate material in your WORKS CITED page every time you quote, paraphrase or otherwise refer to material from a source. To avoid interrupting the flow of your writing, place the PARENTHETICAL CITATION where a pause would naturally occur (preferably at the end of a sentence), as near as possible to the material documented. The parenthetical reference precedes the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause or phrase containing the borrowed material. The PARENTHETICAL CITATION should be kept brief and accurate as follows:
Catherine recognized that "with most of its population imprisoned in serfdom and the remainder living provincial lives revolving about agriculture, and having little or no education, Russia had no middle class" (McGill 464).
Witherington writes, "Finny's flaw steadily becomes worse with each new awareness of the hate around him" (253).
The author spent all his time inside with his mother. In other words, he became the classic example of a mother's boy (O'Connor An Only Child 20).
Growing interest in African American writing in the late 60s led to "a significant reassessment of the aesthetic and humanistic achievements of black writers" (Inge, Duke, and Bryer 1).
Likewise, police officers looking for stolen cars quickly examine suspicious vehicles to see if the license plate is clean and the car dirty (or vice versa) as a shortcut since thieves frequently switch plates (Webb et al. 122-23).
The rapid increase of opium purchasing reversed the favorable balance of trade and led to the export of silver, thus greatly upsetting China's economy and monetary system (Exploring World Cultures 276). OR (Exploring 276).
Over time, the children of debt serfs became legal serfs with no hope of freedom (Hibbert 97; McGill 465; Grey 198).
According to Ellis, Phineas' peers at the Devon School, as well as the readers of the novel, recognize that he is "incapable of malice" (qtd. in Contemporary Literary Criticism 248).
Mary Baker Eddy was the founder of Christian Science (World Book 6:73).
New York State Domestic Relations Law permits abandonment for a period of more than a year as a ground for divorce. DRL 170 (2)
The Supreme Court of the United States set forth guidelines for abortion in the landmark Roe v Wade (1973) 410 US 113.